Premiums and benefits associated with traditional life insurance contracts are usually specified as fixed amounts in policy conditions. However, reserve-dependent surrender values and reserve-dependent expenses are common in insurance practice. The famous Cantelli theorem in life insurance...

In actuarial practice, the main calculations for insurance covers in the health care area, personal accident and sickness insurance in particular, are commonly based on simplified methods, whose probabilistic assumptions are often not enough clear. In this paper, starting from a rather general...