Using micro-level data for the U.S., we provide new evidence-at national and state levels - of a positive (negative) relationship between the standard deviation (coefficient of variation) and the average in bank lending-rate markups. In a quantitative theory consistent with these empirical...

Ever since the Great Financial Crisis, if not before, it has become clear that there are complex interactions between the real and nominal sectors of the economy. When do monetary and financial policy goals conflict with each other? When is monetary policy a complement to or a substitute for...

Financial intermediaries issue the majority of liquid securities, and nonfinancial firms have become net savers, holding intermediaries' debt as cash. This paper shows that intermediaries' liquidity creation stimulates growth -- firms hold their debt for unhedgeable investment needs -- but also...

This paper studies a modern monetary economy: trade in both goods and securities relies on money provided by intermediaries. While money is valued for its liquidity, its creation requires costly leverage. Inflation, security prices and the transmission of monetary policy then depend on the...

Using micro-level data for the U.S., we provide new evidence - at national and state levels - of a positive (negative) relationship between the standard deviation (coefficient of variation) and the average in bank lending-rate markups. In a quantitative theory consistent with these empirical...

Repeated contracting allows lenders to uncover private information about their clients, decreasing the informational asymmetry between a borrower and his lender but introducing one between the lender and competing financiers. This paper constructs a credit-based model of production to analyze...

We develop a model to explain a puzzling trend in cash demand in recent years: the value of bank notes in circulation as a percentage of GDP has remained stable despite decreasing cash usage at points of sale owing to competition from alternative means of payment such as credit cards. The main...

This paper uses the occasion of the twenty-fifth anniversary of Basil Moore's book, Horizontalists and Verticalists, to reassess the theory of endogenous money. The paper distinguishes between horizontalists, verticalists, and structuralists. It argues Moore's horizontalist representation of...

The corporate segment of Russia's loan market is experiencing stagnation. The volumes of new loans are declining relative to the size of the economy, while the amount of debt has been demonstrating practically no increase. Interest rates are continuing to follow their downward trend. The quality...

In 2016, corporate credit exposure growth rates dropped to zero. Origination of new loans declined against the volumes of economic activity. In recent months, a reduction of past-due payment was observed across all loan categories