Our test procedure for discrimination in lending combines denial rates and recovery rates and is applicable to simple and intersectional discrimination regardless of the profit orientation of the lender. Using a European microcredit dataset, the tests reveal that the positive—and socially...

In microcredit institutions, credit officers play a prominent role in loan granting decisions. Indeed, they collect field data, meet with the applicants, and provide personal recommendations to the credit committee that takes the final decisions (loan approval/denial, and loan size). This paper...

This paper develops a test for discrimination in lending combining denial rates and recovery rates. In contrast to the recent outcome-test methodology scrutinizing biases in the credit market with differential profits, our approach is applicable to (simple and intersectional) discrimination...