The aim of this study was to examine the impact of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) measures on credit ratings given to non-financial institutions by the largest credit rating agencies according to economic sector divisions. The hypotheses were as follows: a strong negative impact on...

Credit risk is defined as the risk that borrowers will fail to pay its loan obligations. In recent years, a large number of banks have developed sophisticated systems and models to help bankers in quantifying, aggregating and managing risk. The outputs of these models also play increasingly...

This study attempts to measure subsidies to agricultural credit in recent years and provides policy implications. It finds that credit policy has evolved, from provision of subsidized credit to one that is more market-oriented, focusing on providing access to credit to farmers while exposing...

What is the role of fiscal variables for the assessment of sovereign credit risk? Has this role changed over time? In the face of the financial crisis many OECD countries have experienced large increases of government debt relative to GDP. This has triggered a distinct response of financial...

Prospective borrowers from commercial banks are usually made to pass through stringent lending procedure. The screening procedure is intended to forestall likely default intents and reduce credit risks. Banks, through the analysis are able to predict the inherent risk level in the loans they...