income. We explain this process of democratization as a rational way for incumbent elites to wage war effectively on other …

quo without arming (or unarmed peace) and open conflict (or war) that is possibly destructive. With a focus on outcomes … that are immune to both unilateral deviations and coalitional deviations, we find that, depending on war’s destructive …, but only when the configuration of parameters describing the degree of output security and the degree of war's destruction …

We investigate the role of networks of military alliances in preventing or encouraging wars between groups of countries …, we show that there do not exist any networks that are stable against the addition and deletion of alliances. We then show … that economic benefits from international trade can provide incentives to form alliances in ways that restore stability and …

international conflict. In this paper, we investigate whether this motive is sufficiently important for war to persist in … Immanuel Kant (1795, 1991) always exists. The reason is that in the absence of the threat of war, leaders are unable to divert … exist with a positive war frequency. Third, if multiple equilibria exist, the perpetual peace equilibrium may be unstable in …