history of violence. We find that being in a drinking environment, rather than intoxication, reduces participants' cognitive … results suggest that individuals underestimate their true likelihood of becoming involved in violence when making alcohol … consumption decisions. This presents additional challenges when formulating policy designed to deter alcohol-fuelled violence. …

"Laboratory experiments in psychology find that media violence increases aggression in the short run. We analyze … whether media violence affects violent crime in the field. We exploit variation in the violence of blockbuster movies from … attendance appears to reduce alcohol consumption. Like the laboratory experiments, we find indirect evidence that movie violence …

reduces both moderate and extreme violence. The reason is that a high penalty keeps relatively 'gutless' individuals from … relatively 'tough' individuals to commit moderately violent acts and so makes moderate violence more attractive for otherwise …