Tourism and cultural heritage are significant elements in providing success in the 'soft struggle' for geopolitical influence , arguably to the same level as trade, investment, agriculture or education. The aim of this paper is to analyse if, and to what extent, the countries of Central Asia are...

The UNESCO World Heritage list has set as a primary goal since its creation in 1972 the protection of places with special cultural or physical significance. Nevertheless, the present list suffers from a lack of balance regarding the distribution of sites in countries and the five UNESCO regions...