gravity models for developed countries to include unemployment (chapter 2) and for Latin American and Caribbean developing … migration and trade and their effects on unemployment (chapter 5), and the dynamics of democracy and income chapter 6). …

market remain severe. Unemployment duration is still extremely high, and many have withdrawn from the labour market … high long-term unemployment and weak labour market participation could evolve into structural problems. Greater emphasis …

played by macroeconomic and structural policies. The OECD unemployment rate has returned to close to its pre-crisis level …, but the unemployment cost of the Great Recession has nonetheless been very large and long-lasting in many countries … in unemployment become structural. Spending on active labour market policies needs to respond strongly to cyclical …

(ALMP) to fight unemployment in many countries in recent years. In contrast to traditional ALMP instruments like training … unemployed individuals to exit unemployment by entering self-employment and, thus, by creating their own jobs. In this sense … combat unemployment but also as business policy to promote entrepreneurship. The corresponding empirical literature on this …