This study sought to identify the most typical timber trade network structures among Finnish family forest owners. Finding the most typical networks means that owners’ structural equivalence is defined. From a forest policy perspective, structurally equivalent owners, i.e. those who have the...

Family forest ownership incorporates economic as well as several other motivations. While traditional rural livelihood has lost significance in the Nordic countries, multiple motives of forest owners have risen to the forefront of guiding owners' forest management behavior. At the same time, the...

Multi-criteria decision support (MCDS) tools assist the decision-maker (DM) in selecting an appropriate forest plan among specified alternatives. The selection of appropriate criteria to compare the alternatives is related to the scales of planning and the availability of appropriate inventory...

In Scandinavia a widely adopted biodiversity maintenance measure in managed forests is to leave retention trees to the clearcutting areas. A certain number of retention trees are left to the cutting area permanently as residual trees, which distinguishes them from shelterwood and seed trees. The...