Contemporary career mobility models (human capital, structural, and tournament models) do not fully explain up-or-out promotional systems in professional service firms (PSFs). A model of PSF career mobility is proposed which views the hiring of PSF associates as investments in options on future...

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to use a risk management perspective to identify the risks of employment discrimination law liability for multinational employers. Design/methodology/approach – Data from 101 US Federal Court cases that involved multinational employers operating both...