In a series of inductive case histories of leadership and strategy, we document the problem of how executives often learn the wrong lessons from history. The costs associated with such misdirected learning are significant, and often tally in the hundreds of millions to billions in losses. These...

For most organizations, there is a gap between strategies and results. This gap is caused by one of three things: a failure of design, in which insufficient effort or skill is put into designing the operational changes necessary to make the strategy possible; a failure of transformation, in which...