. This closes one-third of the gap between children with median and bottom quartile family income, and is about 80 percent as … large as model programs such as Perry Preschool. The long-term impact for disadvantaged children is large despite “fadeout …

consumption behavior, produce biased estimates of the effect of children on the marginal utility of consumption if consumers face … children on the marginal utility of consumption. I estimate these bounds using the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and find that … conventional estimators yield point estimates that are above the upper bound. Children might, thus, not increase the marginal …

also the effects of its own children. Family-policy benefits and public education spending that a child receives in its … study focused on calculations of the fiscal effects in connection with the birth of a child under the current German tax and … social system. Model calculations were conducted for a child born in the year 2000 for its entire life-cycle and including …

This paper investigates the role of children in explaining the life-cycle pattern of consumption (which is hump … of U.K. households was exploited to investigate whether currently childless households that anticipate having children … behave differently from similar households that do not anticipate children. Spending for each group at different ages was …