This paper investigates if the impact of children on the labor market outcomes of women relative to men — child penalties — can be explained by the biological links between mother and child. We estimate child penalties in biological and adoptive families using event studies around the...

This paper investigates if the impact of children on the labor market outcomes of women relative to men -- child penalties -- can be explained by the biological links between mother and child. We estimate child penalties in biological and adoptive families using event studies around the arrival...

This paper investigates if the impact of children on the labor market trajectories of women relative to men — child penalties — can be explained by the biological links between mother and child. We estimate child penalties in biological and adoptive families using event studies around the...