We analyze the consequences for liquidity provision of competing market makers operating at high frequency. Competition increases overall liquidity and deters the fast market maker's use of order flow signals. Using various liquidity metrics, we find that the market maker provides more liquidity...

We use a novel dataset to examine the impact of exposing institutional orders to electronic liquidity providers (ELPs). We present empirical evidence that marketable pieces of large parent orders are routed to ELPs, seemingly to avoid paying liquidity fees on exchanges. This routing decision...

We investigate the impact of an exogenous trading glitch at a high-frequency market-making firm on standard measures of stock liquidity (spreads, price impact, turnover, and depth) and institutional trading costs (implementation shortfall and VWAP slippage). Stocks in which the firm accumulates...