Growth during the 1980s and 1990s in patenting and licensing by American universities is frequently asserted to be a direct consequence of the Bayh-Dole Act of 1980. However, there has been little empirical analysis of the effects of this legislation. This paper uses previously unexploited data...

The continuations procedure within the U.S. patent system has been criticized for enabling firms to manipulate the patent review process for strategic purposes. Changes during the 1990s in patent procedures affected the incentives of applicants to exploit the continuations process, and...

Most literature on the economic contributions ofuniversity research has focused on the extent to which these contributions arelocalized; as a result, little has been written about the effects of distanceon the flow of knowledge through different channels.In reality,university-based research...