In model presented in this paper, once one allows for effort variability that is positively related to labor compensation, relatively low wages that are a product of labor market discrimination can persist over time even in a world of perfect product market competition. Low wage labor is no...

This article examines some of the more pertinent details of the feminization of clerical work in the context of early twentieth century Canada and the impact that this had upon gender pay inequality. More generally, we address the question of the conditions under which labor market segmentation,...

Using material available in the Canadian censuses, we construct some of the most detailed historical estimates for the industrialized world for occupational structure and the gender pay gap from 1900 to 1930. Our findings suggest that pay inequality in Canada diminished over the period under...