the arrival of the first grandchild using Danish administrative data and an event study approach. We find that women … driven by women's reductions in full-time employment. We document that these "grandchild penalties" are larger in periods … with more generous retirement options. …

grandmothers with low education, but daycare availability only affects child penalties. Gender biases towards older women's work …

gender-based disparities. Women face several challenges during their working lives, such as late entry into the labor market …, the gender pay gap, discontinuous working careers, and early retirement due to family caregiving, which lead to lower …

changes in China's pension system have benefited women more than men during the aforementioned period. …

in the employment rates, particularly between men and women will have a significant impact on pension incomes in NDC …