We study how licensing, certification and unionisation affect the wages of natives and migrants and their … certified migrants (10.2 and 6.6 log points), reflecting a more intense screening of migrant than native workers. The … representation of migrants among licensed (but not certified or unionized) workers is 14% lower than that of natives. This implies a …

robust to controlling for potentially endogenous return migration and labor force participation. Controls for fixed effects …

robust to controlling for potentially endogenous return migration and labor force participation. Controls for fixed effects …

include a standardized measure of immigrants' pre-migration wage based on occupation, industry, tenure, qualification, and the … partial. A 10% higher pre-migration wage translates into a 1.6% higher wage in Germany when also controlling for educational … market. We also find that wage assimilation is significantly accelerated for immigrants with a higher pre-migration wage. Our …