, motherhood, and wages. We find that heterogeneity leads to biased estimates of the quot;directquot; effects of marriage and … motherhood on wages (i.e., effects net of experience and tenure); first-difference estimates reveal no direct effect of marriage … or motherhood on women's wages. We also find statistical evidence that experience and tenure nay be endogenous variables …

, motherhood, and wages. We find that heterogeneity leads to biased estimates of the "direct" effects of marriage and motherhood on … motherhood on women's wages. We also find statistical evidence that experience and tenure nay be endogenous variables in wage …We explore several problems in drawing causal inferences from cross-sectional relationships between marriage …

The paper documents employment and wage gaps, which arise between mothers and childless women, for a set of 28 European … countries. The role of family policies in explaining these inequalities is then examined by looking at a single policy as well … small children and the length of maternity and paid parental leaves are important for explaining the size of the motherhood …

simply a marker of problems she might already be facing as a result of her social and family background? The answer to this … question has important implications for policy measures that could be taken to improve women's lives. …