The Conference of Party [COP] 26 proposed a forty-five percent (45%) reduction in carbon emissions by all countries before the year 2030. The measure is expected to reduce the world’s temperature by 1.50C and disasters. However, there is no empirical study to ascertain the direct effect of the...

We introduce a simple definition of carbon-intensive firms to measure institutional investors' exposure to the emission intensities of portfolio companies. The definition is based on major emission industry sectors identified by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). All firms in...

As climate-related concerns and the urgency for rapid decarbonization become more prevalent, companies face an ever-increasing pressure to disclose accurate information on their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In this context, companies often struggle to ensure the validity and accuracy of GHG...