CO2 emissions from international shipping, which are currently unregulated, are predicted to rise from 2.7% today to 18% in 2050. International bunker fuel emissions have been excluded from any commitment in the Kyoto Protocol; the UNFCCC conference in Copenhagen also failed to bring about clear...

Estimation of carbon emissions is very important not just for companies but also for governments and policymakers. In this paper I provide an emission estimation model for an energy-producing company based on spot market prices. The company will produce energy and emit carbon-dioxide at a given...