military engagement in the Sahel and incoherent relations with autocratic governments. The involuntary military withdrawal …

Extremist activities and violence in the centres of conflict in the Sahel (i.e. Burkina Faso, Mali and Niger) are … increases in refugees, especially from Burkina Faso. The Sahel conflict may affect economic performance in the focus countries … spillovers', whereby conflict and violence from the centre of the Sahel are transmitted to the focus countries. This pathway …