The Financial Crisis of 2008, and the Great Recession in its wake, have shaken up macroeconomics. The paradigm of the "New" Neoclassical Synthesis, which seemed to provide a robust framework of analysis for short-run macro not long ago, fails to capture key elements of the recent crisis. This...

Introduction -- Why Are Standard Micro-foundations Wrong? -- Statistical Physics and Macroeconomics -- Stochastic Macro-Equilibrium: A Micro-foundation of Keynesian Economics -- The Business Cycle: The Role of Aggregate Demand -- Demand Saturation and Economic Growth ―― Where Keynes and...

In this paper the main developments in post-Keynesian macroeconomics since the mid- 1990s will be reviewed. For this purpose the main differences between heterodox economics in general, including post-Keynesian economics, and orthodox economics will be reiterated and an overview over the strands...