This article revisits and reflects upon the role of the constitutional head of state in times of democratic changes. It argues that the head of state in the Westminster system of parliamentary democracy plays an important gatekeeping function on behalf of the political sovereign, the People of...

Barisan Nasional and its predecessor Perikatan have won all Federal Elections and most of the state elections since the Independence of Malaya and the formation of Malaysia. Why is this so? In this paper I conceptualize possible reasons why BN won by trying to create a rough voting behavior...

China’s rising influence in parts of the developing world has raised concerns among the US and its allies. In the wake of the COVID-19 outbreak, the provision of vaccines and aid to countries in the Global South have further heightened anxieties over the potential for diffusion of China’s...

Dubbed a political tsunami, Malaysia's 12th General Election, held in 2008 marked a critical turn in the politics of the nation. For the first time since Independence in 1957, the three main opposition parties took over power in five of the 13 states in the country, also denying the ruling...