by large private and public companies, it is expected that smallholders will outnumber large estates in the near future …. For policy formulation it is hence important to better understand who these smallholders are and why they have started to … production areas for oil palm, to analyse smallholders' decision making by combining qualitative, quantitative, and experimental …

public. Indonesia is one of the countries where such rapid land-use change is happening. In many parts of Indonesia, oil palm … is increasingly replacing forests and also more traditional agricultural crops such as rice and rubber. The drivers of …

Indonesia. Oil palm is labor-saving in the sense that it requires much less labor per unit of land than alternative crops. The …, our results suggest that oil palm adoption in Indonesia largely led to the cultivation of additional land, entailing …