community level. -- household productivity ; ecological sanitation ; UDDT ; Mali ; fertilizer ; matching …In many parts of the world, soils poor in nutrients are farmed with little addition of fertilizer, further depleting … sanitation and at recycling nutrients as fertilizer. This human fertilizer may act as a substitute for artificial fertilizers …

Mali and to question the hypotheses that rapid extensification of agriculture or soil fertility loss caused the decline …Cotton yields in Mali have fallen during the past 15 years while maize yields have risen. The objective of this study …. The study puts forth an alternative hypothesis that fertilizer shifting – whereby farmers apply fertilizers designated for …

In an experiment providing fertilizer grants to women rice farmers in Mali, we found that women who received fertilizer … increased both the quantity of fertilizer they used on their plots and complementary inputs such as herbicides and hired labor … level of output, we find no evidence that profits increased. Our results suggest that fertilizer's impact on profits is …