Leadership is an evasive phenomenon with problematic constructs; transformational leadership (TL) is defined by its results, which charismatic leadership (CL) may also achieve. Adding charisma to TL’s attributes generated the concept of charismatic-transformational leadership (C-TL)....

Both moral and phronetic leadership studies largely missed authority-risking trust-creating vulnerable involvement in subordinates’ deliberations by moral rebel outsider executives. The latter high-morally expose gaps in subordinates’ exclusive phronesis and tacit know-how learned on the job...

Maintaining co-operative principles in large successful co-operatives requires creativity engendered by high-moral trusted innovative leaders who avoid capitalist practices. However, if such leaders are not replaced within 10-16 years, they usually enter conservative dysfunction phase, suppress...