Analyzing the universe of federal environmental regulations in the U.S., we construct a measure of regulations--direct taxes on pollution. Analyzing the universe of firms' investor disclosures, we construct a measure of material environmental concerns--indirect taxes on pollution. These two...

The relative constancy of non-financial corporate tax revenues as a share of US GDP masks offsetting trends in the ratio of corporate profits to GDP (declining) and the average tax rate (increasing). The average tax rate rose steadily between 1996 and 2003, an increase largely attributable to...