Armundito, Erik; Kaneko, Shinji - In: Journal of economic structures : JES; the official … 4 (2015), pp. 1-24
, in the form of total factor productivity (TFP), from 1990 to 2010 with and without considering carbon dioxide (CO2 …. The Malmquist productivity index is employed to estimate TFP without CO2 emissions over time, whereas the Malmquist …-Luenberger productivity index is applied to estimate TFP with CO2 emissions over time. Furthermore, the influence of energy factors on …