Historically, tariffs have been an attractive policy tool to protect domestic industries. The benefits of such a policy … in response to an increased tariff. Moreover, any production gains that occur are biased towards higher cost domestic …

import protection. This includes the relatively standard approach of examining the pattern of tariffs in a Grossman … equilibrium-based estimates of the welfare effects and rents generated by tariffs. We therefore follow the development of our … national posture of industry. We also find support for a general political support function in the determination of tariffs …

competition. -- protectionism ; manufactures ; anti-dumping ; tariff equivalent ; customs union ; competition … services it has not dismantled much of the existing national protectionism. The economic costs are calculated here at some 3 …