We use city-industry data from 1890 to 1940 to identify the impact of electricity on manufacturing. We exploit cross …-industry variation in pre-electricity energy intensity combined with geographic variation in proximity to early hydroelectric power … plants. Labor productivity gains from the arrival of electricity were rapid and long-lasting. Electricity was labor …

We estimate the effects of electricity shortages on Indian manufacturers, instrumenting with supply shifts from … hydroelectric power availability. We estimate that India's average reported level of shortages reduces the average plant's revenues … interruptible retail electricity contracts could substantially reduce the impact of shortages …

We estimate the effects of electricity shortages on Indian manufacturers, instrumenting with supply shifts from … hydroelectric power availability. We estimate that India's average reported level of shortages reduces the average plant's revenues … interruptible retail electricity contracts could substantially reduce the impact of shortages …

Firms in developing countries often identify electricity as a major constraint to operations. Decentralized renewable …