Trade economists traditionally study the effect of lower variable trade costs. While increasingly important politically …, technical barriers to trade (TBTs) have received less attention. Viewing TBTs as fixed regulatory costs related to the entry … economies of scale to sort out the rich interactions between TBT reform, input diversity, firm-level productivity, and aggregate …

original method of determining production costs, which is based on the labor consumption of products. This method is a …

The growth of agricultural productivity is widely believed to be low. But this study finds the productivity rate in … agriculture to be higher than that in manufacturing, both on average and for groups of countries at different stages of …

found that impact of agriculture, industry, service and transport is positive and significant whereas impact of … manufacturing is mildly significant. -- agriculture ; manufacturing ; industry ; services ; panel data …