, it later “tips” to monopoly, after which entry is hard, often even too hard given incompatibility. And while switching … costs can encourage small-scale entry, they discourage sellers from raiding one another's existing customers, and so also … discourage more aggressive entry. Because of these competitive effects, even inefficient incompatible competition is often more …

which entry is hard, often even too hard given incompatibility. And while switching costs can encourage small-scale entry …, they discourage sellers from raiding one another's existing customers, and so also discourage more aggressive entry …

This paper investigates the effects of mergers, entry, and exit in retail markets when input prices are negotiated …