One of the key challenges implied by the upcoming regulatory framework for market risk, known as FRTB, is the PL attribution (PLA) tests. PLA tests constitute a major innovation in the way risk engine and models are assessed for effectiveness and accuracy (on both pricing and risk factors...

In this paper we outline the Lagrangian constrained optimization method to solve complex problems subject to constraints. Firstly we summarize the Lagrangian constrained optimization routine. Secondly we outline a detailed implementation strategy. Thirdly and finally we provide example and solve...

The rapid development of artificial intelligence methods contributes to their wide applications for forecasting various financial risks in recent years. This study introduces a novel explainable case-based reasoning (CBR) approach without a requirement of rich expertise in financial risk....

The purpose of this study is to build a system that automatically generates an optimal strategy (AGOS) which can solve the business problem of maximizing the acceptance rate without taking more risks in loan approval process. This paper formulates the finding an optimal approval strategy of a...

Banking crises can be damaging for the economy, and as the recent experience has shown, nowadays they can spread rapidly across the globe with contagious effects. Therefore, the assessment of the stability of the banking sectors is important for regulators, depositors, investors and the general...