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A standing issue is how to measure bias in Large Language Models (LLMs) like ChatGPT. We devise a novel method of sampling, bootstrapping, and impersonation that addresses concerns about the inherent randomness of LLMs and test if it can capture political bias in ChatGPT. Our results indicate...
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We compile data for 186 countries (1919 - 2016) and apply different aggregation methods to create new democracy indices … produces upward-biased OLS and 2SLS estimates. The results of an analysis of the effect of democracy on economic growth show …
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framework, this article offers a modular approach consisting of four parameters for conceptualization, measurement, and …Although measuring democratic deliberation is necessary for a valid measurement of the performance of democracies, it … performance is the need for a theoretical and methodological approach for "upscaling" the measurement of deliberation from the …
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proposals about organizational resilience conceptualization, and the metrics derived from them, are closely related. They …
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