our results to the problem of media censorship by a government. … upper censorship that pools the states above a cutoff and reveals the states below the cutoff is optimal for all prior …

We review the theoretical literature on market determinants of media bias. We present a theoretical framework that …

news sources and the proliferation of misinformation. I show that media pluralism reduces information quality when news …

Previous literature stresses the importance of free media for economic development. By its nature TV, radio, and … newspapers cross borders allowing citizens to easily sample media from neighboring countries. This creates pressure for domestic … reform and spreads media freedom between countries. Using spatial econometric techniques, and a sample of 102 countries, we …

This chapter overviews the empirical literature on the determinants and the consequences of media capture, i.e., the … situation in which governments or other interest groups try to control the content of media outlets. We start by examining the … evidence on the effect of media capture on the content of media outlets. Then we discuss the methods governments and other …

This chapter studies situations where media sources deliberately deviate from truthful reporting in order to manipulate … electoral outcomes. Media capture occurs when the government actively attempts to influence the media industry. We instead speak … of media power when news organizations engage in biased reporting for political reasons. Existing theories identify …

The media report news that in turn influences behaviors. This news is drawn from a set of available information. In … this paper, we study how the set of information is "exante" affected by anticipated media coverages. First, we take an … exogenous but anticipated shock of media coverage: Olympic Games and FIFA World Cups. Then, we estimate the effect of this media …

access only to friendly media outlets and denying access to critical ones. While an incumbent prefers positive bias, granting … gatekeeping can induce a quid pro quo relationship: media provides coverage with positive bias in exchange of future access …, thereby affecting electoral outcomes in favor of incompetent incumbents. The degree of access media enjoy increases with …

In this chapter we survey the empirical literature on media bias, with a focus on partisan and ideological biases …. First, we discuss the methods used to measure the relative positions of media outlets. We divide bias into two categories … media outlets with other actors, measures based on the intensity of media coverage, and measures based on tone. In the …

In this study, we propose a novel approach to detect supply-side media bias, independent of external factors like … analysis into articles' transition to print and podcasts suggests that increased competition may reduce media bias, indicating …