In a 1991 article entitled The Transformation of Europe, Joseph Weiler analyzed the profound changes that have occurred in the institutional structure of the European Community during the past two decades. The cumulative effect of these changes has been, he claimed, to "transform" the Community,...

The relationship between law and economics in European competition law has always been important, but it has received increasing attention during recent years. Much of this attention has focused on doctrinal aspects of the relationship and on the European Commission's use of economic analysis in...

For a long time it has been commonly perceived that the decisions of the European Commission appraising mergers have, for many reasons, not been fully subjected to substantive judicial review. However, this familiar criticism now seems to have been partly addressed by recent developments, for...

This is one of the first articles to demonstrate that the primary goal of antitrust is neither exclusively to enhance economic efficiency, nor to address any social or political factor. Rather, the overriding intent behind the merger laws was to prevent prices to purchasers from rising due to...

The recent modification of the European Antitrust Law system, which concerns both the substance of the prohibitions and the system of enforcement, called for a thorough re-examination of this sector. Against this background, this book offers a new and coherent organisation of the subject. It...

The complexity of co-operation in cross-border competition law enforcement increased significantly between 1990 and 2011, underlining the urgency to improve techniques and tools of competition authority co-operation. As international trade has increased, the number of competition law enforcement...

Since August 2008, when China’s Anti-Monopoly Law became effective, its Ministry of Commerce has reviewed over 450 notified transactions and issued over a dozen decisions. These decisions, plus the unconditional clearance of several transactions, reveal MOFCOM’s rapidly growing...

The aim of this paper is to describe in detail a set of newly developed indicators of the quality of competition policy, Competition Policy Indexes, or CPIs. The CPIs measure the deterrence properties of a competition policy in a jurisdiction, where for competition policy we mean the antitrust...

This paper provides a comprehensive discussion of the deterrence properties of a competition policy regime. On the basis of the economic theory of law enforcement we identify several factors that are likely to affect its degree of deterrence: 1) sanctions and damages; 2) financial and human...

This paper looks at whether the standard unilateral effects model can be applied to non-price competition parameters such as innovation. This question arises because competition authorities are intervening in horizontal mergers that are found to give rise to a “significant impediment to...