have measured the health expenditure induced removable poverty in the form of ‘hidden’ and ‘reinforced’ poverty in India …. The analysis shows that both the incidence and depth of poverty are substantially understated because of overlooking out …-of-pocket (OOP) health expenditure in the country's standard measure of poverty. It is the outpatient care that contributes most to …

The Supplemental Poverty Measure (SPM) does not account for the aged population’s ability to draw from asset principal … proportion of the aged in SPM poverty—specifically, the proportion of the aged who are “pushed” into SPM poverty because of their …