around the birth of the first child based on panel data from national household surveys for Chile, Mexico, Peru, and Uruguay … more conservative gender norms and less generous family policies are associated with larger differences between mothers …' and non-mothers' labour market outcomes. …

of grandmothers-the primary childcare providers in Mexico-as identifying variation. I use a triple-difference to … mechanisms. Through their impact on childcare availability, grandmothers' deaths reduce mothers' employment rate by 12 percentage … points (27 percent) and do not affect fathers' employment rate. The negative effect on mothers' employment is smaller where …