-generation immigrants and 4 % is Hispanic. Intergenerational improvement is an important source of wage convergence of black immigrants …. Unskilled immigrants who arrive in the USA as children and adolescents experience substantial wage assimilation, especially … Caribbean-English and African-English immigrants. But both unskilled immigrants arriving as adults and all skilled immigrants …

earnings. While it is still ambiguous whether mainly low-skilled immigrants benefit, or whether employment probabilities are …Immigrants are typically not evenly distributed within host countries; instead they tend to cluster in particular … neighborhoods. But does clustering in ethnic enclaves help explain the persistent differences in employment rates and earnings …

differences in skill, employment rates, and earnings between immigrants and the native population? Empirical studies consistently … affected or whether earnings benefits accrue to all immigrants, irrespective of their skill levels, it is clear that effects …Immigrants tend to live in clusters within host countries. Does clustering in ethnic enclaves explain the persistent …

probability of immigrants, and for second or higher generation migrants, a positive impact of clustering on wages. … clear-cut answer on its effects on the integration of immigrants. In this paper, we study the effect of residential … clustering on the labour market outcome of immigrants in Germany. Thereby, we use two measures for labour market integration: the …