participation and creating worker shortages in high-demand industries. In this context, immigration will help reduce costs in key … inequality. Reforms should therefore modestly increase overall immigration over time, while shifting its composition somewhat … toward more-skilled and labor-market-driven migrants. These reforms should occur within the broader context of "comprehensive …

and/or in education. For comparison we have followed groups of immigrants by their reason for immigration, like refugees … immigrants' reason for immigration. Immigrants who remain outside of employment and/or education is mostly to be found among … refugees, family-immigrants and immigrants with unspecified reason for immigration, while education- and labor-immigrants and …

Sjaastad (1962) viewed migration in the same way as education: as an investment in the human agent . Migration and … education are decisions that are indeed intertwined in many dimensions. Education and skill acquisition play an important role … decisions of migrants regarding their own educational investment and their expectations about future migration plans may affect …