Traditional economic models predict rural to urban migration during the structural transformation of an economy. In middle-income countries, it is less clear which direction of migration to expect. In this paper I show that in Brazil as many people move out of as into metropolitan cities, and...

Urban agriculture is a very important activity of refugees although it has not been in the focus of research as today. This research was done in the region of greater Khartoum in the Sudan which was the destination of migration of 5 million people in the last 25 years coming in cause of...

China has been experiencing two major demographic sea changes since the late 1970s: (i) Internal migration, primarily rural-to-urban, on a scale that dwarfs all other countries at any time in history; and (ii) a shift in its age distribution. The basic question posed in this paper is: How are...