This paper explores the impact of Spanish language proficiency on immigrant earnings in Spain using an instrumental … distribution. The return to destination language proficiency actually ranges from zero at the bottom quantiles to 30% at the top … quantile of the earning distribution. These findings suggest that the benefits derived from host language knowledge are …

ethnic origin of immigrants as compared to the native born German population. In addition, winners and losers of the re-distribution … market and non-market income as well as taxes and social security contributions. This income portfolio analysis is based on … have an even better relative income position than the autochthonous West German population. In general, we confirm the well …

understandinghow these shocks can affect the educational attainment, adult health, and adult income of the children who lived through … to either a polio outbreak, or to introduction of the vaccine against the disease, had long-term impacts on adult income … association between parental loss during childhood and lower adult income, educational attainment, and worse health. This analysis …