surveys of adult skills and educational performance suggest that younger cohorts are doing less well than their predecessors …. Many immigrants struggle both in school and in the labour market partly because of low skills and language difficulties …

flexible and shorter courses, for those with lower initial level of language skills and for those living outside of the capital … region. The long-term effect is higher for those with lower level of initial language skills and does not differ by the …

immigrants to Canada were employed in source country occupations that typically require high levels of cognitive skills, but rely … less intently on manual skills. Following immigration, they find initial employment in occupations that require the … and manual skills, these discrepancies are larger among immigrants with limited language fluency. …

/training and communication skills. Counterfactual estimates of the wage impacts of immigration are skewed: the largest gain from …

desire to improve the economic outcomes of entering immigrants; (2) an attempt to better respond to short-term regional labor …