the primary focus is on international migration, reference is made to internal migration and return migration. The … favorable selectivity is more intense the greater the out-of-pocket (direct) costs of migration and return migration, the … greater the effect of the higher level of ability on lowering the costs of migration, and the smaller the relative skill …

to established ethnic networks, and acquired more years of pre-migration schooling. Using a doubly robust treatment … effect estimator and the IV method, the study finds that the endogenous post-migration education in the host country …

estimating this effect is difficult because of selective migration. Some immigrants may not move if economic conditions are not …

This paper provides a review of the research on the ‘economics of language' as applied to international migration. Its … are considered include age, education, gender, family structure, costs of migration, linguistic distance, duration in the … destination, return migration, and ethnic enclaves, among others. Analyses are reported for the immigrant experiences in the US …