to immigration violations and increased awareness of immigration raids impact their labor market outcomes. We find that … immigration policies has little impact on these results. …

immigration enforcement initiatives across the United States, we evaluate the impact of a tougher policy environment on …

. Little is known of what drives that growth. We propose that the expansion of interior immigration enforcement, a … characteristic of the U.S. immigration policy during that time span, might have contributed to this unique trend by pushing Mexican … immigrants into self-employment as an alternative livelihood. Exploiting temporal and geographic variation in immigration …

This paper exploits the temporal and geographic variation in the implementation of local and state immigration … American Community Survey, we find that a one standard deviation increase in the intensity of immigration enforcement lowers … the sustainability of the welfare state and the spread-out embracement of a piece-meal approach to immigration enforcement …

intensified immigration enforcement, particularly among Mexican non-citizens. Exploiting the temporal and geographic variation in … the implementation of interior immigration enforcement from 2005 to 2017, we find that a one standard deviation increase …

This paper establishes a new fact about immigration policies: legalization has long-term effects on formal employment …