), but could render the eruption of war between member and non-member countries more likely (peace diversion). This paper is …-stage game with three competing importers, where fi rst, two of the countries decide on whether to initiate war against each … other, and subsequently, all three countries select their import tariffs. We show that PTAs produce both a "peace …

This Element surveys the field of defense, peace, and war economics with particular emphasis on the contributions made … by Austrian economists. I first review treatments of defense, peace, and war by the classical economists. I then discuss … the rise of a distinct and systematic defense, peace, and war economics field of study starting in the 1960s. Next, I …