using the Toda-Yamamoto approach to Granger causality test in the case of selected NATO countries for the period of 1949 …-2006. NATO countries spend biggest proportion of defence spending in the world. Granger causality test on defence-growth issue … relationship between defence spending and growth. The results show that unidirectional causality exists in seven NATO countries …

with the NATO two percent target to which all NATO countries committed themselves during the NATO summit in Wales in 2014 …. The dataset includes the military expenditure by NATO countries over the period 2010-2018. The results suggest that … that did not experience such a large change of government since the NATO summit in 2014. Countries that experienced a large …

with the NATO two percent target to which all NATO countries committed themselves during the NATO summit in Wales in 2014 …. The dataset includes the military expenditure by NATO countries over the period 2010-2018. The results suggest that … that did not experience such a large change of government since the NATO summit in 2014. Countries that experienced a large …

's security concerns and guarantee stability for the foreseeable future. Is meeting NATO spending targets enough to support …

. NATO membership is essential for Ukraine’s security, but it is also in the geostrategic and normative interests of the … Alliance, even if it is a risky, long-term and difficult endeavour. At the 2023 summit in Vilnius, NATO recognized that Ukraine …