We present the first panel estimates of the productivity effects of the unique German institution of parity, board-level co-determination. Although our data span two severe recessions when labour hoarding costs of co-determination are probably highest, and the panel is too short to capture the...

Modern economies deprive workers of natural democratic rights and any share of the surplus they produce, with most of the benefits of growth appropriated by capital owners. Worker wellbeing and job satisfaction are ignored unless they contribute directly to profitability, while precarious...

While most working people are in employment, there is little realisation that this relationship is inefficient and inequitable due to mis-aligned incentives - employers, as residual claimants, have an incentive to elicit greater than socially optimal effort from workers, thus generating conflict...