Property rights to provide wireless services are severely truncated, with licenses typically defining services, technologies, and business models. Economists have long advocated liberalization, allowing wireless operators to optimize inputs and outputs subject only to airwave interference...

Vertical restrictions have theoretically ambiguous efficiency effects. Marketplace evidence is therefore required to reveal the presence of anti-competitive foreclosure. The bundling of mobile phones with cellular network service offers one such market test. Two European nations — Finland and...